Accurate estimation of cropping intensity (CI), an indicator of food production, is well aligned with the ongoing efforts to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) under diminishing natural resources. The advancement in satellite remote sensing provides unprecedented opportunities for capturing CI information in a spatially continuous manner. However, challenges remain due to the lack of generalizable algorithms for accurately and efficiently mapping global CI with a fine spatial resolution. In this study, we developed a 30-m planetary-scale CI mapping framework with the reconstructed time series of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from multiple satellite images. Using a binary crop phenophase profile indicating growing and non-growing periods, we estimated pixel-by-pixel CI by enumerating the total number of valid cropping cycles during the study years. Based on the Google Earth Engine cloud computing platform, we implemented the framework to estimate CI during 2016–2018 in eight geographic regions across continents that are representative of global cropping system diversity. Comparison with PhenoCam network data in four cropland sites suggests that the proposed framework is capable of capturing the seasonal dynamics of cropping practices. Spatially, overall accuracies based on validation samples range from 80.0% to 98.9% across different regions worldwide. Regarding the CI classes, single cropping systems are associated with more robust and less biased estimations than multiple cropping systems. Finally, our CI estimates reveal high agreement with two widely used land surface phenology products, including Vegetation Index and Phenology V004 (VIP4) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Land Cover Dynamics (MCD12Q2), meanwhile providing much more spatial details. Due to its robustness, the developed CI framework can be potentially generalized to produce global fine resolution CI products for food security and other applications.

We conducted a workshop for tribes in the north central region who are in some stage of climate adaptation planning or implementation. This was a partnership between Colorado State University, the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, and ITEP (Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals) Climate Change Program. We built upon ITEPs climate adaptation training and tailored it to the specific needs of tribes in the region. We originally planned to develop the next iteration (“2.0”) of ITEP training to help tribes who need support with their plans and implementing their plans. However, upon surveying the tribes in the region, we quickly learned that there was a wide range of development along a spectrum from tribes who did not even know where to start all the way to tribes who were far into their climate adaptation and/or implementation programs. We had a core planning team of experts who developed the training materials and planned and conducted the workshop. We invited tribal professionals from the EPA Region 8 Regional Tribal Operations Committee (RTOC) 2 with whom the PIs have experience working on climate issues. The workshop was held in Pickstown, South Dakota at the Fort Randall Casino on the Yankton Sioux Reservation. We had 30 or so participants throughout the workshop. Workshop participants reported that they got a lot of useful and usable information to take home and use for their respective tribes’ climate change programs.

Natural and cultural resource managers across the country have begun to use a tool known as "scenario planning" to help prepare for climate change effects that may unfold in the future. In this process, scientific projections are used to identify different plausible, relevant, and divergent climate conditions for a particular area, and then through a participatory process, scientists and resource managers develop "scenarios" which describe the implications of these different conditions for resources and management. The North Central CASC has been working with the National Park Service (NPS) Climate Change Response Program (CCRP) to encourage and support national parks in incorporating climate science and scenario planning into their park management and planning processes. These efforts have helped resource managers to better prepare for the uncertainty of how climate will affect their resources and wild lands. To enhance the capacity and scope of these engagements, the North Central CASC brought on two new individuals with expertise and technical skills related to ecological responses to climate. Over the next two years, these individuals will serve as liaisons between the North Central CASC and the NPS CCRP, and as resources in the development and application of climate change scenarios with NPS and other resource management partners. They will help to plan and facilitate scenario planning workshops, synthesize scientific literature on the climate sensitivities of priority resources, develop and apply ecological response models to enhance scenario planning applications, co-produce reports and literature on the outcomes of scenario planning engagements, and evaluate the efficacy of scaling up scenarios from the individual park level to the regional level to broaden their use and applicability for resource managers.